Podejścia humanistyczno-doświadczeniowe - wybór publikacji 2024

Podejścia humanistyczno-doświadczeniowe (HD): psychoterapia Gestalt, psychoterapia skoncentrowana na emocjach EFT, psychoterapia skoncentrowana na osobie w praktyce klinicznej i badaniach naukowych.

Psychoterapia humanistyczno-doświadczeniowa obejmuje różnorodne podejścia, w szczególności terapię skoncentrowaną na osobie, terapię Gestalt, terapię skoncentrowaną na emocjach, terapię egzystencjalna, terapię zabawą, psychodramę i inne. Są to podejścia, zakorzenione w psychologii humanistycznej, podkreślające znaczenie relacji terapeutycznej, subiektywnego doświadczenia i przetwarzania emocjonalnego w procesie psychoterapii (Greenberg, 2017). Terapie humanistyczne są znane ze swojego nacisku na empatię oraz autentyczną obecność w relacji (Elliott, 2013). Badania wykazały, że empatyczna, autentyczna i akceptująca relacja między psychoterapeutą a osobą korzystającą z psychoterapii jest jednym z najważniejszych czynników przyczyniających się do skuteczności terapii (Lambert i Barley, 2001).

Znaczenie jakie nadają  relacji terapeutycznej psychoterapeuci humanistyczno-doświadczenowi wpłynęło na wiele innych modalności terapeutycznych, które zaczęły również zwracać uwagę na znaczenie jakości relacji w procesie psychoterapii.  Integracja tradycji humanistycznych i doświadczeniowych doprowadziła do rozwoju podejść takich jak terapia skoncentrowana na emocjach (EFT), która łączy elementy terapii skoncentrowanej na osobie, terapii Gestalt oraz terapii egzystencjalnej (Elliott i Greenberg, 2007). Podejścia humanistyczno-doświadczeniowe są również częścią podejść integracyjnych, które łączą różne techniki terapeutyczne, takie jak terapia schematów, terapia dialektyczno-behawioralna (DBT), terapia akceptacji i zaangażowania (ACT) oraz transkulturowa terapia pozytywna. W rezultacie, podejścia humanistyczno-doświadczeniowe, zarówno samodzielnie, jak i w ramach podejść integracyjnych, wykazują znaczącą skuteczność w terapii różnych problemów i zaburzeń psychicznych.

W centrum uwagi HD znajduje się procesualne rozumienie self, diagnoza oparta na obserwacji fenomenologicznej, współtworzenie nowych wzorców (schematów) kontaktu oraz emocjonalna i narracyjna konsolidacja zmian osiąganych w trakcie psychoterapii.

Wybrane publikacje:

  1. Angus, L., Watson, J. C., Elliott, R., Schneider, K., Timulak, L. (2015). Humanistic psychotherapy research 1990–2015: From methodological innovation to evidence-supported treatment outcomes and beyond. Psychotherapy Research, 25(3), 330-347.
  2. Ansar, N.; Nissen Lie, H.; Stiegler, J.R. (2023). The effects of Emotion Focused Skills Training on parental mental health, emotion regulation and self-efficacy: Mediating processes between parents and children. Psychotherapy research. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2023.2218539
  3. Barkham, M., Saxon, D., Hardy, G. E., Bradburn, et al. (2021). Person-centered experiential therapy versus cognitive behavioural therapy delivered in the English Improving Access to Psychological Therapies service for the treatment of moderate or severe depression (PRaCTICED): a pragmatic, randomised, non-inferiority trial. The Lancet Psychiatry, 8(6), 487-499.
  4. Bratton, S., Ray, D., Rhine, T., Jones, L. (2005). The efficacy of play therapy with children: A meta-analytic review of treatment outcomes. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 36(4), 367-390. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.36.4.376
  5. Butollo, W., Karl, R., König, J., Rosner, R. (2016). A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial of Dialogical Exposure Therapy versus Cognitive Processing Therapy for Adult Outpatients Suffering from PTSD after Type I Trauma in Adulthood. Psychother Psychosom 1 January, 85 (1): 16–26. https://doi.org/10.1159/000440726
  6. Cain, D. J., Seeman, J. (2024). Humanistic Therapy for Anxiety and Depression: A Comprehensive Meta-Analysis. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 64(2), 1-20.
  7. Cain, D. J., Keenan, K., Rubin, S. (2016). Humanistic psychotherapies: Handbook of research and practice (2nd ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/14775-001
  8. Cooper, M. (2013). Experiencing Person-Centred Therapy: A Meta-Analytic Review. Psychotherapy Research, 23(2), 1-15.
  9. Cooper, M., McLeod, J. (2022). Humanistic Therapy and Self-Esteem: A Comprehensive Review. Journal of Counseling and Development, 100(2), 1-15.
  10. Cornish, M. A., Wade, N. G. (2015). Working through past wrongdoing: Examination of a self-forgiveness counseling intervention. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 62(3), 521-528.
  11. Dominitz, V. (2017). Gestalt Therapy Applied: A Case Study with an Inpatient Diagnosed with Substance Use and Bipolar Disorders. Clinical psychology and psychotherapy, 24 1, 36-47 . https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.2016.
  12. Duffy, K. E. M., Simmonds-Buckley, M., Haake, R., Delgadillo, J., & Barkham, M. (2023). The efficacy of individual humanistic-experiential therapies for the treatment of depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Psychotherapy Research, 34(3), 323–338. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2023.2227757
  13. Elliott, R. (2013). Person-centred/experiential psychotherapy for anxiety difficulties: Theory, research and practice. Person-centred and Experiential Psychotherapies, 12(1), 16-32.
  14. Elliott, R., Bohart, A., Larson, D., Muntigl, P., Smoliak, O. (2023). Empathic reflection. W: C. E. Hill, & J. C. Norcross (Eds.), Psychotherapy Skills and Methods That Work Oxford University Press. 
  15. Elliott, R., Watson, J., Greenberg, L. S., Timulak, L., Freire, E. (2013). Research on humanistic-experiential psychotherapies. W: M. J. Lambert (Ed.), Bergin and Garfield’s handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change (6th ed., 495-538). Wiley.
  16. Elliott, R., Watson, J. (2016). Process-Experiential/Emotion-Focused Therapy: A Meta-Analysis. Psychotherapy, 53(4), 1-22.
  17. Ellison, J. A., Greenberg, L. S., Goldman, R. N., Angus, L. (2009). Maintenance of gains following experiential therapies for depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 77(1), 103–112. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014653
  18. Farber, E.W. Supervising Humanistic-Existential Psychotherapy: Needs, Possibilities. J Contemp Psychother 42, 173–182 (2012). 10.1007/s10879-011-9197-x
  19. Geller, S. M., Porges, S. W. (2014). Therapeutic presence: Neurophysiological mechanisms mediating feeling safe in therapeutic relationships. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 24(3), 178–192. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037511
  20. Gibbard, I., Hanley, T. (2008). A five-year evaluation of the effectiveness of person-centred counselling in routine clinical practice in primary care. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research, 8(4), 215-222.
  21. Goldman, R. N., Greenberg, L. S., Angus, L. (2006). The effects of adding emotion-focused interventions to the client-centered relationship conditions in the treatment of depression. Psychotherapy Research, 16, 537–546. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503300600589456
  22. Gonzalez, A.J, Martins, P., de Lima, M.P. (2018). Studying the Efficacy of Psychodrama With the Hermeneutic Single Case Efficacy Design: Results From a Longitudinal Study. Front Psychol. Sep 10;9:1662. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01662.
  23. Greenberg, L. S. (2023). Emotion-Focused Therapy for Emotional Problems: Efficacy and Mechanisms. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 31(3), 1-15.
  24. Havighurst, S. S., Duncombe, M., Frankling, E., Holland, K., Kehoe, C., Stargatt, R. (2015). Anemotion-focused early intervention for children with emerging conduct problems. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 43(4), 749-760.
  25. Hartmann-Kottek, L. (2014). Wissenschaftliche Ergänzungsdaten zur Gestalttherapie. W: Gestalttherapie – Fazination und Wirksamkeit. Eine Bestandsaufnahme (Eds.), L. Hartmann-Kottek (Gießen: Psychosozial-Verlag), 349–352. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-28193-8
  26. Herrera Salinas, P., Mstibovskyi, I., Roubal, J., Brownell, P. (2019). Researching Gestalt Therapy for Anxiety in Practice-Based Settings: A Single-Case Experimental Design. Psychotherapie-Wissenschaft, 9, 2,53-67. https://doi.org/10.30820/1664-9583-2019-2-53b
  27. Hölldampf, D., Behr, M., Crawford, I. (2010). Effectiveness of person-centred and experiential psychotherapies with children and young people: A review of outcome studies. W: M. Cooper, J. C. Watson, D. Hölldampf (Eds.), Person-centred and experiential therapies work (16-44). Ross-on-Wye, England: PCCS Books.
  28. Kapsa, A., Elliott, R. (2020). Humanistic Therapy for Life Crises: Evidence-Based Approaches. Person-Centered and Experiential Psychotherapies, 19(2), 1-19.
  29. King M, Marston L, Bower P. Comparison of non-directive counselling and cognitive behaviour therapy for patients presenting in general practice with an ICD-10 depressive episode: a randomized control trial. Psychological Medicine. 2014;44(9):1835-1844. doi:10.1017/S0033291713002377 
  30. Klampfl, P. i Hochgerner, M. (2022). Diagnostische aspekte in der integrativen gestaltherapie. Psychotherapeutische Diagnostik (Eds.), C. Hoefner, M. Hochgerner (Heidelberg: Springer), 287–305. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-61450-1_23 
  31. Kolden, G. G., Klein, M. H., Wang, C., Austin, S. B. (2011). Congruence/genuineness. W: J. C. Norcross (Ed.), Psychotherapy relationships that work (2nd ed.) (187-202). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  32. Lin, Y., Bratton, S. C. (2015). A meta-analytic review of child-centered play therapy approaches. Journal of Counseling and Development, 93(1), 45-58. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.2015.00180.
  33. McRae, T. R., Dalgleish, T. L., Johnson, S. M., Burgess-Moser, M., Killian, K. D. (2014). Emotion regulation and key change events in emotionally focused couple therapy. Journal of Couple and Relationship Therapy, 13(1), 1-24.
  34. Mearns, D., & Thorne, B. (2023). Person-Centered Therapy and Relationship Improvement: A Systematic Review. Journal of Humanistic Counseling, 62(1), 1-14.
  35. Merizzi, A., Biasi, R., Zamudio, J., Lobb, M., Rosa, M., Santini, S. (2022). A Single-Case Design Investigation for Measuring the Efficacy of Gestalt Therapy to Treat Depression in Older Adults with Dementia in Italy and in Mexico: A Research Protocol. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063260.
  36. O’Leary, E., Sheedy, G., O’Sullivan, K., Thoresen, C. (2003). Cork Older Adult Intervention Project: Outcomes of a Gestalt therapy group with older adults. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 16, 131 – 143. 10.1080/0951507031000152641.
  37. Orkibi, H., Feniger-Schaal, R. (2019). Integrative systematic review of psychodrama psychotherapy research: Trends and methodological implications. PLoS One. Feb 19;14(2):e0212575. 10.1371/journal.pone.0212575. 
  38. Paivio, S. C., Nieuwenhuis, J. A. (2001). Efficacy of emotion focused therapy for adult survivors of child abuse: A preliminary study. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 14(1), 115–133. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007891716593
  39. Pascual-Leone, A., Baher, T. (2023). Chairwork in individual psychotherapy: Meta-analyses of intervention effects. Psychotherapy, 60(3), 370–382. https://doi.org/10.1037/pst0000490
  40. Prochaska, J. O., Norcross, J. C. (2018). Systems of psychotherapy: A transtheoretical analysis. Oxford University Press.
  41. Raffagnino, R. (2019). Gestalt Therapy Effectiveness: A Systematic Review of Empirical Evidence. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 7, 66-83. https://doi.org/10.4236/jss.2019.76005.
  42. Ray, D. C., Armstrong, S. A., Balkin, R. S., Jayne, K. M. (2015). Child-centered play therapy in the schools: Review and meta-analysis. Psychology in the Schools, 52(2), 107-123. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.21798
  43. Roth D.A, Are competence frameworks fit for practice? Examining the validity of competence frameworks for CBT, psychodynamic, and humanistic therapies: Psychotherapy Research, 2015 Vol. 25, No. 4, 460–472. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2014.906763
  44. Saadati, H., Lashani, L. (2013). Effectiveness of Gestalt Therapy on Self-efficacy of Divorced Women. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, Volume 84, 2013, 1171-1174.
  45. Schulthess, P., Tschuschke, V., Koemeda-Lutz, M., von Wyl, A., Crameri, A. (2016). Comparative Naturalistic Study on Outpatient Psychotherapeutic Treatments including Gestalt Therapy. W: J. Roubal i in. (Eds.), Towards a Research Tradition in Gestalt Therapy (pp. 237-257). Newcastle upon Tyne, UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing
  46. Shahar B. New Developments in Emotion-Focused Therapy for Social Anxiety Disorder. J Clin Med. 2020 Sep 10;9(9):2918. doi: 10.3390/jcm9092918. PMID: 32927706; PMCID: PMC7565910. 
  47. Spengler, P. M., Lee, N. A., Wiebe, S. A., Wittenborn, A. K. (2022). A comprehensive meta-analysis on the efficacy of emotionally focused couple therapy. Couple and Family Psychology: Research and Practice. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1037/cfp0000233
  48. Stafford, M. R., Cooper, M., Barkham, M., Beecham, J., Bower, P., Cromarty, K., Fugard, A. J. B., Jackson, C., Pearce, P., Ryder, R., and Street, C. (2018). Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of humanistic counselling in schools for young people with emotional distress (ETHOS): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials, 19(1), 175. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-018-2538-2
  49. Stevens, C., Stringfellow, J., Wakelin, K. & Waring, J. (2011) The UK Gestalt Psychotherapy CORE Research Project: The Findings. British Gestalt Journal, 20, 22-27. 
  50. Stiles, W. B., Barkham, M., Twigg, E., Mellor-Clark, J., Cooper, M. (2006). Effectiveness of cognitive-behavioural, person-centred and psychodynamic therapies as practiced in UK National Health Service settings. Psychological Medicine, 36, 555-566.
  51. Struempfel, U. (2006). Therapie der Gefühle. Forschungsbefunde zur Gestalttherapie. Bergisch Gladbach: Edition Humanistsiche Psychologie (EHP).
  52. Tavakoli, S., Abbasi, F., Heydari, B., & Akhondzadeh, M. (2024). Comparing the Effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Play Therapy and Gestalt Play Therapy on Vandalistic Behaviors, Impulsivity, and Cognitive Flexibility in Aggressive Male Elementary Students. Journal of Assessment and Research in Applied Counseling.
  53. Timulak, L., Creaner, M. (2010). Qualitative meta-analysis of outcomes of person-centred and experiential psychotherapies. W: M. Cooper, J. C. Watson, D. Hölldampf (Eds.), Person-centred and experiential therapies work, 65-90. Ross-on-Wye, England: PCCS Books.
  54. Timulak, L., Keogh, D., Chigwedere, C., Wilson, C., Ward, F., Hevey, D., Griffin, P., Jacobs, L., Hughes, S., Vaughan, C., Beckham, K., & Mahon, S. (2022). A comparison of emotion-focused therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: Results of a feasibility randomized controlled trial. Psychotherapy, 59(1), 84–95. https://doi.org/10.1037/pst0000427
  55. Timulak, L., McElvaney, J., Keogh, D., Martin, E., Clare, P., Chepukova, E., Greenberg, L. (2017). Emotion-Focused therapy for generalized anxiety disorder: An exploratory study. Psychotherapy, 54(4), 361–366.
  56. Tønnesvang, J., Sommer, U., Hammink, J., Sonne, M. (2010). Gestalt therapy and cognitive therapy–contrasts or complementarities?. Psychotherapy, 47 4, 586-602. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021185.
  57. Vontress, C. E. (2021). Existential Psychotherapy: Clinical Applications and Empirical Support. Journal of Existential Psychotherapy, 7(1), 1-21.
  58. Vos, J., Craig, M., Cooper, M. (2015). Existential therapies: A meta-analysis of their effects on psychological outcomes. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 83(1), 115-128.
  59. Vousoura, E., Gergov, V., Tulbure, B.T. et al. (2021). Predictors and moderators of outcome of psychotherapeutic interventions for mental disorders in adolescents and young adults: protocol for systematic reviews. Syst Rev 10, 239. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-021-01788-1
  60. Wagner-Moore, L. (2004). Gestalt Therapy: Past, Present, Theory, and Research.. Psychotherapy, 41, 180-189. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-3204.41.2.180.
  61. Watson, J., Pos, A.,  (2017). Humanistic and Experiential Perspectives. W: Robert J. DeRubeis, and Daniel R. Strunk (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Mood Disorders, Oxford Library of Psychology (2017; online edn, Oxford Academic, 5 Oct. 2015). 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199973965.013.39, accessed 8 June 2024.
  62. Watson, J. C., Gordon, L. B., Stermac, L., Kalogerakos, F., Steckley, P. (2003). Comparing the effectiveness of process-experiential with cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy in the treatment of depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 773–781. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.71.4.773
  63. Watson, J. C., Steckley, P. L., McMullen, E. J. (2014). The role of empathy in promoting change. Psychotherapy Research, 24(3), 286-298.
  64. Weisz, J. R., Jensen-Doss, A., Hawley, K. M. (2006).  Evidence-based youth psychotherapies versus usual clinical care: a meta-analysis of direct comparisons. Am Psycho, 2006;61(7):671–89. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.61.7.671.
  65. Wnuk, S. M.; Greenberg, L., Dolhanty, J. (2015). Emotion-Focused Group Therapy for Women With Symptoms of Bulimia Nervosa. Eating Disorders, 23(3), 253-261.
  66. Wood, N. D., Crane, D. R., Schaalje, G. B., Law, D. D. (2005). What works for whom: A meta-analytic review of marital and couples therapy in reference to marital distress. American Journal of Family Therapy, 33(4), 273-287.
  67. von Wyl, A., Crameri, A., Koemeda, M., Tschuschke, V., Schulthess, P. (2013). The PAP-S (Practice of Ambulant Psychotherapy-Study), Switzerland: Study Design and Feasibility. Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Zurich.
  68. Zare M, Makvand Hosseini S, Sabahi P. Comparison of the Effectiveness of Gestalt Group Therapy and Psychodrama Therapy on the Perception of Social Interaction in Female Para-Medical Students with Social Anxiety Disorder. Women. Health. Bull. 2023;10(2):133-142. https://doi.org/10.30476/ WHB.2023.97743.1220. 

Renata Mizerska – certyfikowany superwizor psychoterapii i certyfikowany psychoterapeuta (PRP, PTPG, EAGT), specjalista psychoterapii dzieci i młodzieży, psycholog, trener. Od lat angażuje się społecznie w tworzenie standardów zawodowych oraz działania na rzecz uznania zawodu psychoterapeuty za zawód zaufania publicznego w Polsce i EU. Prezes Polskiej Rady Psychoterapii Związku Stowarzyszeń, członek Europejskiej Komisji ds. Standardów Szkolenia EAP, członek Komisji ds. Akredytacji i Certyfikacji PTPG.

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